根据下面资料，回答下列各题 On the evening before All Saints Day in 1517, Martin Luther nailed 95 theses to the door of a church in Wittenberg. In those days a thesis was simply a _____36_____ one wanted to argue. Today a doctoral thesis is both an idea and an _____37_____ of a period of original research. Writing one is the aim of the hundreds of thousands of students who _____38_____ on a doctorate of philosophy (PhD) every year. In most countries a PhD is a basic requirement for a career in academia. It is an introduction to the world of independent research-a kind of _____39_____ masterpiece, created by an apprentice in close collaboration with a supervisor. The requirements to complete one vary _____40_____ between countries, universities and even subjects. Some students will first have to spend two years working on a masters degree or diploma. Some will receive a stipend; others will pay their own way. Some PhDs_____41_____ only research, some require classes and examinations and some require the student to teach undergraduates. A thesis can be dozens of pages in mathematics, or many hundreds in history. As a result, newly minted PhDs can be as young as their early 20s or world-weary forty-somethings. One thing many PhD students have in common is _____42_____. Some describe their work as "slave labour". Seven-day-weeks, ten-hour days, low pay and uncertain prospects are widespread. Whining PhD students are nothing new, but there seem to be _____43_____ problems with the system that produces research doctorates (the practical "professional doctorates" in fields such as law, business and medicine have a more obvious value), There is an oversupply of PhDs. Although a doctorate is designed as training for a job in academia, the number of PhD positions is unrelated to the number of job openings. Meanwhile, business leaders _____44_____ about shortages of high-level skills, suggesting PhDs are not teaching the right things. The fiercest critics _____45_____ research doctorates to Ponzi or pyramid schemes.
A.account
B.acquirements
C.aggressively
D.cognitive
E.compare
F.complain
G.contain
H.dissatisfaction
embark
enormously
genetic
genuine
intellectual
involve
position 第36题答案为（ ）
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听力原文：W: Do you think you can give an exact definition of "management", Mr. Rogers?
M: [19] Management is the process of achieving results through other people.
W: What are the functions of management?
M: There are mainly four. The first is planning. Managers define goals, establish strategy and develop plans to co-ordinate activities.
W: That's not easy, I think.
M: No. And the second is organizing, which means managers will determine what tasks to be done, who is to do them, how the tasks are to be grouped, who reports to whom, etc.
W: That's complicated.
M: And the third is leading. It includes motivating subordinates, directing others, selecting the most effective communication channels and resolving conflicts.
W: Do you think the goal of good management is to get rid of conflicts?
M: Actually, we've made considerable progress towards overcoming the view that conflict is bad.
W: [20] So you mean conflicts can be good for an organization?
M: [20] Yes. Conflicts can be used to bring about substantial changes to the existing power structure, current patterns of interaction between people at work, and attitude.
W: That surprises me.
M: The last function controlling means to monitor activities to ensure they are being accomplished as planned, and correct significant deviations.
W: It is said that all managers need to realize that the more they delegate now, the less time it will take to accomplish tasks later. Is that true?
M: Right. [21] Without delegation, managers run the risk of being a "doer" rather than a "manager'.
W: Can I understand this as "delegation is a ticket to ride free and have others to do your work"?
M: Not exactly. It is rather a means for managers to focus on their true functions.
(20)
A．It is getting things done through other people.
B．It is helping an organization find the right staff.
C．It is assembling people of different abilities.
D．It is communicating between colleagues.