根据研究对象的范围不同，语音学可以分为（）。

A、普通语音学

B、实验语音学

C、具体语音学

D、应用语音学

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• Teaching children to read well from the start is the most important task of elementary schools. But relying on educators to approach this task correctly can be a great mistake. Many schools continue to employ instructional methods that have been proven ineffective. The staying power of the “look-say” or “whole-word” method of teaching beginning reading is perhaps the most flagrant example of this failure to instruct effectively.The whole-word approach to reading stresses the meaning of words over the meaning letters, thinking over decoding, developing a sight vocabulary of familiar words over developing the ability to unlock the pronunciation of unfamiliar words. It fits in with the self-directed, “learning how to learn” activities recommended by advocates（倡导者）of “open” classrooms and with the concept that children have to be developmentally ready to begin reading. Before1963, no major publisher put out anything but these “Run-Spot-Run” readers.However, in 1955, Rudolf Flesch touched off what has been called “the great debate” in beginning reading. In his best-seller Why Johnny Can’t Read, Flesch indicted （控诉）the nation’s public schools for miseducating students by using the look-say method. He said--and more scholarly studies by Jeane Chall and Rovert Dykstra later confirmed_that another approach to beginning reading, founded on phonics（语音学）,is far superior.Systematic phonics first teaches children to associate letters and letter combinations with sounds; it then teaches them how to blend these sounds together to make words. Rather than building up a relatively limited vocabulary of memorized words, it imparts a code by which the pronunciations of the vast majority of the most common words in the English language can be learned. Phonics does not devalue the importance of thinking about the meaning of words and sentences; it simply recognizes that decoding is the logical and necessary first step.1.The author feels that counting on educators to teach reading correctly is（ ）.2.The author indicts the look-say reading approach because（ ）.3.One major difference between the look-say method of learning reading and the phonics method is（ ） .4.The phrase “touch-off”（Para 3）most probably means（ ）.5.According to the author, which of the following statements is true?

  
  
  A.only logical and natural B.the expected position C.probably a mistake D.merely effective instruction
  问题2：
  A.it overlooks decoding B.Rudolf Flesch agrees with it C.he says it is boring D.many schools continue to use this method
  问题3：
  A.look-say is simpler B.Phonics takes longer to learn C.look-say is easier to teach D.phonics gives readers access to far more words
  问题4：
  A.talk about shortly B.start or cause C.compare with D.oppose
  问题5：
  A.Phonics approach regards whole-word method as unimportant. B.The whole-word approach emphasizes decoding. C.In phonics approach, it is necessary and logical to employ decoding. D.Phonics is superior because it stresses the meaning of words thus the vast majority of most common words can be learned.

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