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第一篇
US to Start $3.2 Billion Child Health Study in January
A study that will cost$3.2 billion and last more than two decades to track the health of 100,000 US children from before birth to age 21 will be launched in January,US health officials said on Friday.
Officials from the US government's National Institutes of Health said they hope the study,to be conducted at 105 locations throughout the United States,can help identify early-life influences that affect later development,with the goal of learning new ways to treat or prevent illness.
The study will examine hereditary（遗传的）and environmental factors such as exposure to certain chemicals that affect health.
Researchers will collect genetic and biological samples from people in the study as well as samples from the homes of the women and their babies including air,water,dust and materials used to construct their residences,the NIH said.
Officials said more than $200 million has been spent already and the study is projected to cost$3.2 billion.
"We anticipate that in the long term（从长远来说）,what we learn from the study will result in a significant savings in the nation's health care costs,"Dr. Duane Alexander,who heads the NIH's Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development,told reporters.
The study will begin in January when the University of North Carolina and the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York start signing up（签订协议）pregnant women whose babies will then be followed to age 21.
Some of the early findings will be about factors behind pre-term birth（早产）,which has become more common in recent years,according to Dr. Peter Scheidt of the NIH,who heads the study.
The people taking part will be from rural,urban and suburban areas,from all income and educational levels and from all racial groups,the NIH said.
Researchers will collect all the following EXCEPT______.
A:genetic samples from people in the study
B:biological samples from people in the study
C:samples from the homes of the women and their babies
D:samples of air and water from hospitals

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• 共用题干
  第二篇
  Technological Utopia for Developing Countries
  Cyberspace（网络空间）,data superhighways, multi-media, the linking of computers, television and telephones will change our lives forever. Yet for all the talk of a forthcoming technological utopia（乌托邦）,little attention has been given to the implications of these developments for the poor. As with all new high technology,the West concerns itself with the"how to benefit".The question of"for whom"is put aside once again.
  Economists are only now realizing the full extent to which the communications revolution has affected the world economy.Information technology allows the extension of trade across geographical and industrial boundaries,and transnational corporations take full advantage of it. Terms of trade ex-change,interest rates and money movements are more important than the production of goods.The electronic economy made possible by information revolution.Technology allows the haves to increase their control on global markets and with destructive impact on the have-nots.
  For them the result is instability. Developing countries which rely on the production of a small range of goods for export are made to feel like small parts in the international economic machine.As "futures"（期货）are traded on computer screens, developing countries simply have less and less control of their destinies.
  So what are the options for regaining control?One alternative is for developing countries to buy in the latest computers and telecommunications themselves一so-called"development communications"modernization.Yet this leads to long-term dependency and perhaps permanent constraints on developing countries' economies.
  Communications technology is generally exported from the U.S.,Europe or Japan.The patents, skills and ability to manufacture remain in the hands of a few industrialized countries.
  Furthermore,when new technology is introduced,there is often too low a level of expertise to exploit native development.This means that while local elites,foreign communities and subsidiaries of transitional corporations may benefit,but not developing countries.
  The development of modern communications technology in developing countries may______.
  A:hinder their industrial production
  B:cause them to lose control of their trade
  C:force them to reduce their share of exports
  D:cost them their economic independence

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  Electromagnetic Energy
  1 White light seems to be a combination of all colors.The energy that comes from a source of light is
  not limited to the kind of energy you can see.Heat is given off by a flame or an electric light.On a cloudy
  day it is possible to get a sunburn even though you feel cool.Visible light and the kind of energy that produce
  warmth and sunburn are examples of electromagnetic energy.
  2 The sun is 93 million miles away from the earth.Yct we can use energy from die sun because elec-
  tromagnetic energy travels through space.
  3 Many other kinds of energy are also types of electromagnetic energy.Radio,television,and radar signais
  travel from transmitters to receivers as low-energy electromagnetic waves. Infrared（红外线的）radiation is an
  electromagnetic wave.When it is absorbed by matter,heat is produced.Wayes of infrared and visible light
  have more energy than waves of radio,television,or radar. Ultraviolet rays（紫外线）and X-rays are eleetro-
  magnetic waves with even greater amounts of energy.Infrared radiation is used in cooking food and heating
  buildings.Sunlight and electric lights are part of our requirements for normal living. Ultraviolet radiation is
  useful in killing certain disease organisms.X-rays and gamma rays have so much energy that they travel right
  through solid objects.They can be used to detect and treat cancer。 X-rays are used in industry to find hidden
  cracks in metal,and in medicine to reveal broken bones.
  4 Usually we use electricity to generate electromagnetic energy.The source of most of our energy is the
  sun.Heat from the sun causes water to evaporate.When the water falls to the earth as rain,some of it is
  trapped behind dams and then used to operate electric generators,Other generators are powered by coal,but
  the energy stored in coal came from the sun,too.
  5 Until recently,the source of the tremendous amount of energy given off by the sun was a puzzle.If
  the sun depended on chemical reactions,it would have used up all its energy long ago.Experiments with
  electromagnetic radiation led to the theory that mass can be converted into energy．入bout forty years after the
  theory was proposed , nuclear energy was harnessed（利用）by man. Chemical energy comes from electron
  （电子）rearrangement. Nuclear energy comes from a change in the nucleus of an atom. Compared with chemi-
  cal reactions,nuclear reactions release millions of times more energy per pound of fuel.We now believe that
  the sun's energy comes from the nuclear reactions in which hydrogen is changed into helium（氦）.
  6 Nuclear energy is beginning to compete with coal as an economical source of power to generate elec-
  tricity.It is also being used to operate engines in large ships.Scientists continue to seek new and better
  methods of obtaining and using energy.
  Visible light that produces warmth is an example of _______________.
  A:electromagnetic energy
  B:electromagnetic energy travels through space
  C:came from the sun
  D:when a change in the nucleus of an atom takes place
  E:whlen the sunrays are fierce
  F:chemical energy is generated

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• 共用题干
  第二篇
  The Book of Life
  So far, scientists have named about 1.8 million living species（物种）,and that's just a small part of
  what probably exists on Earth.With so many plants,animals,and other creatures covering the planet,it can
  be tough to figure out what type of spider is moving up your leg or what kind of bird is flying by.
  A soon-to-be-launched Web site mighit help. An international team of researchers has announced the
  creation of a Web-based Encyclopedia（百科全书）of Life(EoL).The project aims to catalog every species
  on Earth in a single,easy-to-use referenice guide.
  To get the encyclopedia started,the creators will use information from scientific databases（数据库）that
  already exist. And eventually , in special sections of the site , nonscientists with specialized（专门的）
  knowledge will get to join in Bird-watchers,for example,will be able to input which birds they'ye seen and
  where.The technology for this kind of tool has only recently become available.
  As the EoL develops,you might find it useful for school projects.The site will feature special pages for
  kids who are studying ecosystems（生态系统）in their neighborhoods. To make sure the encyclopedia is
  accurate,scientists will review much of the information added to it.People who visit the site will be able to
  choose to leave out pages that haven't been reviewed.
  Another convenient feature of the EoL is that you'11 be able to pick the level of detail you see to match
  your interests,age,and current knowledge.If you wanted to learn about bears for a science class report,for
  example,you could use the"novice"setting to get basic information about the animals.On the"expert"
  setting,on the other hand,you could get much more detailed information about the history,literature,and
  exploration of bears.
  It now takes years for scientists to collect all the data they need to describe and analyze species.The
  creators of the Encyclopedia of Life hope that their new tool will speed that process.
  The word"novice"in Paragraph 5 could be best replaced by_________.
  A:scientist
  B:beginner
  C:creator
  D:expert

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  Pathways to Research:Problem-solving
  1.Pittsburgh's many hills aren't kind to bikers.Anyone hoping to pedal to work there has to contend with steep streets like Canton Avenue,which famously climbs at a nearly 40-degree angle.As a result,some residents avoid biking altogether.
  2.But University of Pittsburgh graduate Micah Toll,23,and a few friends recently launched an invention that they hope will, increase the city's pedal power:An electric bike called a Pulse PEVO.AM super-strong battery powers the bicycle.Able to hit nearly 20 miles per hour without pedaling,it zips up the city' s most daunting（令人却步的）hills.Toll hopes it will persuade people in Pittsburgh and elsewhere to get out of their cars and onto bikes.
  3.If it sounds like Toll has a knack（窍门）for fixing problems,that's because he does.In high school,he designed a new type of construction beam.It weighs no more than a feather pillow but can be used to build sturdy（坚固的）homes for refugees fleeing war or natural disaster.For his work , Toll was invited to attend the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair(ISEF）-twice,in 2006 and 2007.The annual competition for young researchers is a program of Society for Science&the Public(that's the parent organization of Science News for Kids).Toll says that when it comes to science,he keeps it simple:"You see a problem and say,‘How could I solve that?’",
  4.He's not the only one to take that approach.Many young researchers get their start by trying to solve a problem or fulfill a need in their own communities.When students dedicate themselves to finding a solution that may benefit their community , " a passion is ignited,（点燃）,"says Wendy Hawkins , executive director of the Intel Foundation,which sponsors Intel ISEF."Finding that passion and fostering it can be the key to many students'future success."she says.
  Paragraph 4______
  A:Intel International Science and Engineering Fair
  B:The Enthusiasm for Solving Problems
  C:The Young Researchers'Passion
  D:An Invention Increasing Pedal Power
  E:Why People Avoid Biking in Pittsburgh
  F:The Cause of National Disaster

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  Verity Allen's New Show on Colors
  1 Different colors can affect us in many different ways;that's according to Verity Allen.In her new se-
  ries'Color me Healthy',Verity looks at the ways that colors can influence how hard we work and the
  choices we make.They can even change our emotions and even influence how healthy we arc.
  2 "Have you ever noticed how people always use the same colors for the same things?" says Verity."Our
  toothpaste is always white or blue or maybe red.It'g never green.Why not?For some reason we think that
  blue and white is clean,while we think of green products as being a bit disgusting. It's the same for businesses.
  We respect a company which writes its name in blue or black,but we don't respect one that uses pink or orange.
  People who design new products can use these ideas to influence what we buy."
  3 During this four-pait series,Verity studies eight different colors,two colors in each program.She
  meets people who work in all teipects of the color industry,from people who design food packets to people
  who name the colors of lipsticks.
  4 Some of the people she meets clearly have very little scientific knowledge to support their ideas,such
  as the American"Color Doctor"who believes that serious diseases can be cured by,he use of colored lights.
  However,she also interviews real scientists who are studying the effects of green and red lights on mice,with
  some surprising results.
  5 Overall,it's an interesting show,and anyone who watches it will probably find out something new.
  But because Verity goes out of her way to be polite to everyone she meets on the series,it's up to the viewers
  to make their own decisions about how much they should believe.
  Paragraph 5_______________
  A:The Same Colors for the Same Things
  B:Scientists' Surprising Results
  C:Verity's View on the Influence of Colors
  D:Knowledge of the Interviewees on Colors
  E:Studies in Verity's Series
  F:The Author 's Opinion About Verity's Shows

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